Core Concepts

Casino Maths: RTP, House Edge, Odds and Variance

Casino maths provides a common language for comparing rules and interpreting long-run figures. It does not predict a specific session. Use this hub to separate theoretical averages from short-term variation and to understand why betting systems cannot change independent probabilities.

Information reviewed 2026-08-01 · Adults 18+

01

RTP and house edge are complements

When both figures use the same rules and basis, house edge equals 100 percent minus RTP. A 96 percent theoretical RTP therefore corresponds to a 4 percent house edge. The relationship is mathematical, not a session forecast.

02

Variance explains a different part of the picture

Two games can have similar long-run averages while producing very different short-run patterns. Variance describes that spread; it does not make one result due after a run of other results.

03

Use figures from the same rule set

RTP, house edge and probability are only comparable when they describe the same rules, payout table and assumptions. A generic percentage should not be copied onto a specific game. Use the calculator for disclosed figures and keep its output labelled theoretical.

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